Here, we outline the status of existing near-real time ocean observational efforts in polar regions, discuss gaps, and explore perspectives for the future. The reduced reliability of polar predictions may affect the quality of various applications including search and rescue, coupling with numerical weather and seasonal predictions, historical reconstructions (reanalysis), aquaculture and environmental management including environmental emergency response. This gap can also be seen from the spread in ocean and sea ice reanalyses for polar regions which provide an estimate of their uncertainty. However, a significant gap exists in the ocean observing system in polar regions, compared to most areas of the global ocean, hindering the reliability of ocean and sea ice forecasts. Oceanographic predictions in the Antarctic are also important, both to support Antarctic operations and also to help elucidate processes governing sea ice and ice shelf stability.
In the former, this is driven by a declining ice cover accompanied by an increase in maritime traffic and exploitation of marine resources. There is a growing need for operational oceanographic predictions in both the Arctic and Antarctic polar regions. 32World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) Polar Prediction Project (PPP) Steering Group.31Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.30Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States.29Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy.28Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, United States.27Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.26Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.25Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.24Polar Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.23Bureau of Meteorology, Hobart, TAS, Australia.22Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
20Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.19Laboratoire d’Oceanographie Physique et Spatiale, UMR 6523, CNRS – IFREMER – IRD – UBO, Plouzané, France.18Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.17Ocean Atmosphere Systems, Hamburg, Germany.16Arcadis Nederland B.V., Zwolle, Netherlands.14Collecte Localisation Satellites, Toulouse, France.13Physical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States.11Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.10Chemical Oceanography Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium.9Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St.8Perspecta, Inc., Stennis Space Center, Bay St.7European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Darmstadt, Germany.6CNRM, Météo France, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.5Division of Marine and Oceanography, Météo France, Toulouse, France.4Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway.3Takuvik, UMI 3376, Université Laval-CNRS, Quebec City, QC, Canada.1Environmental Numerical Prediction Research Section, Meteorological Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, QC, Canada.Olsen 22, Michael Phelps 8, Pamela Posey 8, Pierre Prandi 14, Eric Rehm 3, Phillip Reid 23, Ignatius Rigor 24, Stein Sandven 4, Matthew Shupe 13,25, Sebastiaan Swart 26,27, Ole Martin Smedstad 8, Amy Solomon 28, Andrea Storto 29, Pierre Thibaut 14, John Toole 30, Kevin Wood 20, Jiping Xie 4, Qinghua Yang 31 and the WWRP PPP Steering Group 32 Joseph Metzger 2, Calvin Mordy 20, Anne O’Carroll 21, Steffen M. Gille 11, David Hebert 2, Patrick Hyder 12, Janet Intrieri 13, José Lagunas 3, Gilles Larnicol 14, Thomas Kaminski 15, Belinda Kater 16, Frank Kauker 17,18, Claudie Marec 3,19, Matthew Mazloff 11, E. Smith 1*, Richard Allard 2, Marcel Babin 3, Laurent Bertino 4, Matthieu Chevallier 5,6, Gary Corlett 7, Julia Crout 8, Fraser Davidson 9, Bruno Delille 10, Sarah T.
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